Free FRM Quantitative Analysis Practice Questions & Answers
400 exam-style Quantitative Analysis questions. Pick your answer, hit Check answer, and see the worked solution — free to start, no signup.
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Question 31
Portfolio return has mean 8% and standard deviation 15%. Using a normal distribution, what is the 95% VaR over one year?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — The loss at the 5th percentile is approximately 16.7%
Explanation: C
Question 32
Two assets have returns with correlation 0.3. Asset A has volatility 20%; Asset B has volatility 30%. Portfolio weights are 50/50. The portfolio variance is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 0.0745
Explanation: C
Question 33
Bayes' theorem allows:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Updating prior probabilities based on new evidence to obtain posterior probabilities
Explanation: B
Question 34
Monte Carlo simulation in risk management is used to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Generate many random scenarios from specified distributions to estimate the distribution of portfolio outcomes
Explanation: B
Question 35
The log-normal distribution is commonly used for asset prices because:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Continuously compounded returns follow a normal distribution, so price levels are log-normally distributed and cannot go below zero
Explanation: B
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A manager claims their fund beat the benchmark by 3% with a tracking error of 6%. The information ratio is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — 0.5
Explanation: A
Question 37
Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) finds parameter values that:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Maximise the joint probability (likelihood) of observing the given sample data under the assumed probability model
Explanation: B
Question 38
Jensen's inequality states that for a convex function f and random variable X:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — E[f(X)] ≥ f(E[X])
Explanation: B
Question 39
The law of large numbers states that:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — As the sample size increases, the sample mean converges in probability to the true population mean
Explanation: B
Question 40
If X ~ N(μ, σ²), then aX + b follows:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — N(aμ + b, a²σ²)
Explanation: B
Question 41
A 99% confidence interval for the mean of a large sample is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — X̄ ± 2.576 × (σ/√n)
Explanation: B
Question 42
The t-distribution converges to the standard normal as:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Degrees of freedom approach infinity
Explanation: B
Question 43
Conditional probability P(A|B) is defined as:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — P(A ∩ B) / P(B), provided P(B) > 0
Explanation: B
Question 44
The kurtosis of the normal distribution is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: D — 3
Explanation: D
Question 45
The moment generating function (MGF) of a random variable X is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — E[e^{tX}] = ∫ e^{tx} f(x)dx, which generates all moments of X when differentiated
Explanation: B
Question 46
The relationship between VaR and Expected Shortfall for a normal distribution is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — ES = VaR + σ × φ(z)/(1-α) where φ(z) is the standard normal PDF at the VaR quantile z, giving ES > VaR
Explanation: B
Question 47
If annual volatility is 20%, what is the approximate daily volatility assuming 252 trading days per year?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 1.26%
Explanation: B
Question 48
The null hypothesis in a VaR backtesting test is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — The VaR model is correctly calibrated — the exception rate equals the expected exception rate (e.g., 1% for 99% VaR)
Explanation: B
Question 49
In Monte Carlo VaR, the accuracy of the VaR estimate improves as:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — The number of simulated scenarios increases — with N scenarios, the standard error of the VaR estimate scales as approximately σ × √(α(1-α)/N) / f(VaR) where f is the PDF at the quantile
Explanation: B
Question 50
A portfolio has VaR of $10M at 99% confidence (one-day). Assuming normal distribution and independent daily returns, what is the 10-day VaR?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: D — $10M×√10 ≈ $31.62M
Explanation: D
Question 51
The Copula approach in joint loss modelling is used because:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — It separates the modelling of individual marginal distributions from the modelling of the dependence structure between variables
Explanation: B
Question 52
The Extreme Value Theory (EVT) approach to tail risk modelling:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Uses the Generalised Extreme Value or Generalised Pareto distribution to specifically model the tail of the loss distribution
Explanation: B
Question 53
In bootstrapping for VaR estimation:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Historical returns are sampled with replacement to generate many synthetic return series, producing an empirical distribution of portfolio values
Explanation: B
Question 54
Extreme Value Theory's Generalised Pareto Distribution (GPD) is used for:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Modelling the distribution of excess losses over a high threshold u, characterised by shape ξ, scale β: F(x) = 1 - (1 + ξx/β)^{-1/ξ}
Explanation: B
Question 55
The characteristic function of a random variable X is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — E[e^{itX}] = ∫ e^{itx} f(x)dx, which always exists and uniquely determines the distribution
Explanation: B
Question 56
In the context of hypothesis testing, the power of a test is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 1 minus the probability of a Type II error — the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis
Explanation: B
Question 57
A sufficient statistic T(X) for a parameter θ is defined as:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — A statistic that contains all the information in the sample about θ, such that the conditional distribution of X given T(X) does not depend on θ
Explanation: B
Question 58
The probability integral transform states that:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — If X has CDF F, then U = F(X) ~ Uniform(0,1) — this is fundamental for simulation (inverse transform method) and copula construction
Explanation: B
Question 59
The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence between distributions P and Q is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — A measure of how one probability distribution P differs from a reference distribution Q: KL(P||Q) = Σ P(x) × log(P(x)/Q(x)), used in model validation to compare empirical return distributions against model assumptions
Explanation: B
Question 60
The variance of a sum of random variables X and Y is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Var(X) + Var(Y) + 2Cov(X,Y) — the covariance term is positive for positively correlated variables (amplifying variance) and negative for negatively correlated ones (reducing variance)
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