Free CFA Portfolio Management Practice Questions & Answers
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Question 391
ETF — Tracking Error Tracking error measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — The volatility of ETF returns vs. index returns
Explanation: B is correct: TE = volatility of active returns. A is premium/discount. C and D unrelated.
Question 392
Scenario Limits Scenario limits are used to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Restrict maximum loss under extreme conditions
Explanation: A is correct: Scenario limits cap losses under stress. B, C, D unrelated.
Question 393
Active risk is best described as:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Volatility of returns relative to a benchmark
Explanation: B is correct: Active risk = tracking error. A, C, D are different measures.
Question 394
According to the fundamental law, a manager can improve performance by:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Increasing the number of independent investment decisions
Explanation: A is correct: More independent decisions → higher information ratio. B, C, D do not improve IR by themselves.
Question 395
Breadth refers to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — The number of independent investment opportunities
Explanation: B is correct: Breadth = independent decisions. A, C, D are unrelated.
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Correct answer: B — Active factor exposures increase
Explanation: B is correct: More active bets → more tracking error. A reduces tracking error. C and D do not directly increase TE.
Question 397
If a portfolio outperforms due to overweighting a factor with strong performance, this is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Factor allocation
Explanation: B is correct: Overweighting a factor = factor allocation. A is stock picking. C is timing. **D is unexplained.
Question 398
A manager wants a portfolio that is barbelled—overweight at the short and long ends, underweight in the intermediate maturities. Which key rate duration profile is most consistent with this objective?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — High 2‑year, low 5‑year, high 10‑year key rate durations.
Explanation: A barbell strategy concentrates exposure at the short and long ends while minimizing exposure in the middle. High key rate durations at 2 and 10 years, with low at 5 years, matches this profile.
Question 399
A risk report shows that a portfolio’s 5‑year key rate duration is significantly higher than that of its benchmark, while other key rate durations are similar. The portfolio manager is most likely:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Overweighting intermediate‑term interest rate risk.
Explanation: A higher 5‑year key rate duration relative to the benchmark means the portfolio is more sensitive to changes in the 5‑year yield. This is an overweight to intermediate‑term interest rate risk, a form of curve‑shape bet.
Question 400
A manager believes that: - Short‑term rates will remain stable. - Intermediate rates (around 5 years) will decline. - Long‑term rates will rise slightly. Which combination of duration and key rate positioning is most consistent with this view?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Match effective duration to the benchmark; increase 5‑year key rate duration; decrease 10‑year key rate duration.
Explanation: The manager expects intermediate rates to fall (want more exposure there) and long‑term rates to rise (want less exposure there). Keeping overall effective duration near the benchmark avoids a large parallel‑shift bet. Increasing 5‑year key rate duration and decreasing 10‑year key rate duration aligns with the view on curve shape.
Question 401
IR of 0.70 most likely:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Earns 0.70 units of active return per unit of active risk
Explanation: B is correct: IR = active return / active risk. A is not the definition. C is a different metric. D not implied.
Question 402
According to the fundamental law, performance improves when:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Breadth increases
Explanation: C is correct: More independent decisions → higher IR. A, B reduce performance. D is unrelated.
Question 403
Portfolio Construction — Stop-Loss Limits Stop-loss limits are designed to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Automatically reduce exposure after losses
Explanation: B is correct: Stop-loss rules cut exposure after losses. A, C, D incorrect.
Question 404
Tracking error measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Volatility of ETF returns minus index returns
Explanation: B is correct: TE = volatility of active returns. A, C, D unrelated.
Question 405
If a manager overweighted a sector that outperformed, this is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Allocation effect
Explanation: B is correct: Overweighting a winning sector = allocation. A is stock picking. C is combined effect. D is unexplained.
Question 406
The interaction effect arises when:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Allocation and selection reinforce each other
Explanation: A is correct: Interaction = combined effect of both. B, C, D incorrect.
Question 407
Illiquid assets are most likely to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Increase the portfolio’s liquidity risk
Explanation: B is correct: Illiquid assets increase liquidity risk. A, C, D not necessarily true.
Question 408
Performance evaluation consists of:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Return measurement, attribution, and appraisal
Explanation: B is correct: Evaluation = measure → attribute → appraise. A, C, D incomplete.
Question 409
The appraisal ratio measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Alpha per unit of residual risk
Explanation: B is correct: Appraisal ratio = alpha / residual risk. A is Sharpe-like. D is information ratio.
Question 410
Style drift occurs when:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — A manager’s exposures deviate from stated style
Explanation: B is correct: Style drift = moving away from declared style (e.g., value → growth). A, C, D unrelated.
Question 411
A manager with high tracking error is most likely:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Taking large active bets
Explanation: High tracking error = large deviations from benchmark. A, C, D imply low tracking error.
Question 412
Coefficient (IC) The information coefficient measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Correlation between forecasts and outcomes
Explanation: IC = skill = correlation between predicted and realized returns. A, C, D are different concepts.
Question 413
Coefficient (TC) The transfer coefficient captures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — How much skill is lost due to constraints
Explanation: TC < 1 when constraints prevent full expression of skill. B, C, D unrelated.
Question 414
Active Management — Breadth & IR If a manager doubles the number of independent decisions while maintaining the same skill, the information ratio will:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Increase
Explanation: IR ∝ √Breadth. More breadth → higher IR.
Question 415
Tracking difference measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Average return difference vs. benchmark
Explanation: Tracking difference = average under/overperformance. A is tracking error. C, D unrelated.
Question 416
Brinson model, the allocation effect measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Sector weight deviations
Explanation: Allocation = overweight/underweight sectors. A is selection. C, D unrelated.
Question 417
Selection effect isolates:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Security selection within sectors
Explanation: Selection = picking better/worse securities. A, C, D incorrect.
Question 418
Interaction effect arises when:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Allocation and selection reinforce each other
Explanation: Interaction = combined effect of both decisions. B, C, D incorrect.
Question 419
The appraisal ratio measures:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Alpha per unit of residual risk
Explanation: Appraisal ratio = alpha / residual risk. B = Sharpe. C = IR. D unrelated.
Question 420
Performance appraisal evaluates:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Whether returns were due to skill or luck
Explanation: Appraisal = skill vs. luck. B, C, D incomplete.
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