Question 331
Component VaR (CVaR) of position i is:
A. VaR of position i in isolation
B. Position’s contribution to total portfolio VaR
C. Portfolio VaR divided by number of positions
D. Portfolio VaR minus position’s VaR
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Position’s contribution to total portfolio VaR
Explanation: B correct: CVaR decomposes total VaR into position‑level contributions. Others wrong: Misinterpret decomposition.
Question 332
Incremental VaR (IVaR) of a position is:
A. VaR of the position alone
B. Change in portfolio VaR when the position is added or removed
C. Portfolio VaR divided by position weight
D. Portfolio VaR minus benchmark VaR
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Change in portfolio VaR when the position is added or removed
Explanation: B correct: IVaR = VaR(with) − VaR(without). Others wrong: Not marginal change.
Question 333
A portfolio has VaR(95%) = $5M. Removing a position reduces VaR to $4M. IVaR of that position is:
A. $1M
B. $4M
C. $5M
D. $9M
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — $1M
Explanation: A correct: 5 − 4 = 1M. Others wrong: Miscompute.
Question 334
A U.S. investor earns 10% local return in EUR. EUR appreciates 4% vs USD. USD return is closest to:
A. 10%
B. 14%
C. 15%
D. 20%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 15%
Explanation: Total = (1.10)(1.04)−1 = 1.144−1 = 14.4% → closest = 14% or 15%; with given options, C (15%) is closest. Others wrong: Ignore multiplicative effect.
Question 335
A U.S. investor earns 6% local return in JPY. JPY depreciates 8% vs USD. USD return is closest to:
A. −2%
B. −3%
C. −4%
D. −5%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — −3%
Explanation: Total = (1.06)(0.92)−1 = 0.9752−1 ≈ −2.5% → closest = −3%. Others wrong: Off in magnitude.
Get the full CFA question bank — free
Drop your email and we'll send you fresh CFA practice questions, fully worked solutions and exam-deadline reminders. No spam — unsubscribe in one click.
Question 336
In mean‑variance optimization, the Lagrange multiplier λ represents:
A. Investor risk aversion
B. Portfolio volatility
C. Portfolio expected return
D. The shadow price of the budget constraint
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Investor risk aversion
Explanation: A correct: λ scales the tradeoff between return and variance. Others wrong: Not tied to volatility, return, or budget shadow price.
Question 337
In Black–Litterman, the confidence in investor views is captured by:
A. The τ parameter
B. The Ω matrix
C. The Σ matrix
D. The Π vector
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — The Ω matrix
Explanation: B correct: Ω = uncertainty of views. A wrong: τ scales prior uncertainty. C wrong: Σ is covariance. D wrong: Π is equilibrium returns.
Question 338
A U.S. investor earns 9% in GBP. GBP depreciates 2%. USD return?
A. 6.5%
B. 7.0%
C. 7.8%
D. 9.0%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 7.8%
Explanation: (1.09)(0.98)−1 = 1.067−1 = 6.7% → closest = A. Correct Answer (final): A Others wrong: Off from multiplicative effect.
Question 339
A portfolio has 1‑day volatility 1.8%. What is 15‑day volatility?
A. 5.0%
B. 6.0%
C. 7.0%
D. 7.5%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 6.0%
Explanation: 1.8×√15 ≈ 1.8×3.873 = 6.97% → closest = C. Correct Answer (final): C Others wrong: Incorrect scaling.
Question 340
Delta‑gamma VaR includes:
A. Only linear risk
B. Only convexity risk
C. Linear and quadratic terms
D. Only correlation risk
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Linear and quadratic terms
Explanation: C correct: Δ and Γ terms capture linear + curvature. Others wrong: Incomplete.
Question 341
A portfolio has delta = $5M per 1% move and gamma = $2M per 1%². Market moves +2%. Approx P&L?
A. +$10M
B. +$12M
C. +$14M
D. +$16M
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — +$14M
Explanation: ΔP = 5×2 = 10 ΓP = 0.5×2×(2²) = 4 Total = 14M C correct, others wrong.
Question 342
Component VaR of asset i equals:
A. VaR of asset i alone
B. Weight × marginal VaR
C. Portfolio VaR / number of assets
D. Portfolio VaR − asset VaR
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Weight × marginal VaR
Explanation: B correct: CVaR = wᵢ × MVaRᵢ. Others wrong: Misinterpret decomposition.
Question 343
A portfolio has VaR = $12M. Asset i has MVaR = 0.3 and weight 20%. CVaR of asset i is:
A. $0.6M
B. $1.2M
C. $2.4M
D. $3.6M
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — $2.4M
Explanation: CVaR = 0.2 × 0.3 × 12 = 0.72 → closest = A? Correct formula: CVaR = w × MVaR × VaR = 0.2×0.3×12 = 0.72M → A. Correct Answer (final): A Others wrong: Miscompute.
Question 344
A portfolio has 1‑month return 4% and next month −3%. Geometric 2‑month return?
A. 0.5%
B. 0.8%
C. 1.0%
D. 1.2%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 0.8%
Explanation: (1.04)(0.97)−1 = 1.0088−1 = 0.88% → B. Others wrong: Arithmetic.
Question 345
A forward contract has spot 1.30 USD/GBP, USD rate 3%, GBP rate 1%. Forward price?
A. 1.274
B. 1.3
C. 1.326
D. 1.35
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 1.326
Explanation: F = 1.30×1.03/1.01 = 1.326. Others wrong: Misapply IRP.
Question 346
A U.S. investor earns 5% in CHF. CHF appreciates 6%. USD return?
A. 10.0%
B. 11.3%
C. 12.0%
D. 12.3%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 11.3%
Explanation: (1.05)(1.06)−1 = 1.113−1 = 11.3%. Others wrong: Arithmetic.
Question 347
In a factor model, total portfolio variance equals:
A. Sum of factor variances only
B. Sum of idiosyncratic variances only
C. Factor variance + idiosyncratic variance
D. Beta × variance
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Factor variance + idiosyncratic variance
Explanation: C correct: Total = systematic + specific. Others wrong: Incomplete.
Question 348
Factor marginal contribution to risk (MCTR) equals:
A. Factor loading
B. Factor return
C. Factor loading × factor covariance with portfolio
D. Factor return × factor weight
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Factor loading × factor covariance with portfolio
Explanation: C correct: MCTR = βᵢ × Cov(fᵢ, p). Others wrong: Misstate formula.
Question 349
A portfolio has factor loading 0.8, factor variance 4%, portfolio variance 9%. Factor contribution to variance?
A. 1.6%
B. 2.0%
C. 2.56%
D. 3.2%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 2.56%
Explanation: Contribution = β² × Var(f) = 0.64×0.04 = 0.0256 = 2.56%. Others wrong: Miscompute.
Question 350
A portfolio has 1‑day VaR = 2%. What is 30‑day VaR?
A. 6%
B. 8%
C. 10%
D. 11%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 10%
Explanation: 2×√30 ≈ 2×5.477 = 10.95% → closest = D. Correct Answer (final): D Others wrong: Incorrect scaling.
Question 351
A portfolio has 1‑day CVaR = 3%. CVaR is always:
A. < VaR
B. #NAME?
C. > VaR
D. Unrelated to VaR
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — > VaR
Explanation: C correct: CVaR averages losses beyond VaR → always larger. Others wrong: Misinterpret tail risk.
Question 352
In backtesting, White’s Reality Check corrects for:
A. Liquidity bias
B. Look‑ahead bias
C. Data‑snooping bias
D. Survivorship bias
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Data‑snooping bias
Explanation: C correct: WRC adjusts for multiple testing. Others wrong: Different biases.
Question 353
Block bootstrapping is used because:
A. It removes autocorrelation
B. It preserves autocorrelation
C. It removes volatility clustering
D. It removes heteroskedasticity
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — It preserves autocorrelation
Explanation: B correct: Blocks preserve time‑series dependence. Others wrong: Opposite effect.
Question 354
Walk‑forward optimization is:
A. Using all data at once
B. Using future data for calibration
C. Re‑estimating parameters on rolling windows and testing forward
D. Ignoring out‑of‑sample testing
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Re‑estimating parameters on rolling windows and testing forward
Explanation: C correct: Walk‑forward = rolling estimation + forward testing. Others wrong: Misstate process.
Question 355
In constrained mean‑variance optimization, adding a no‑short‑selling constraint typically:
A. Increases expected return
B. Decreases expected return for a given risk
C. Has no effect
D. Always increases risk
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Decreases expected return for a given risk
Explanation: B correct: Constraints shrink the feasible set → lower efficiency. Others wrong: Misstate effect of constraints.
Question 356
In Black–Litterman, the τ parameter represents:
A. Confidence in investor views
B. Confidence in prior equilibrium returns
C. Market volatility
D. Risk aversion
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Confidence in prior equilibrium returns
Explanation: B correct: τ scales uncertainty of the prior (equilibrium returns). Others wrong: Misassign roles.
Question 357
A U.S. investor earns 7% in CAD. CAD appreciates 3%. USD return?
A. 9.0%
B. 10.0%
C. 10.2%
D. 11.2%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 10.2%
Explanation: (1.07)(1.03)−1 = 1.1021−1 = 10.21%. C correct, others off.
Question 358
A portfolio has 1‑day VaR = 2%. Correlation between assets increases. VaR will:
A. Decrease
B. Stay the same
C. Increase
D. Become zero
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Increase
Explanation: C correct: Higher correlation → higher portfolio volatility → higher VaR. Others wrong: Misstate correlation effect.
Question 359
Stress VaR (SVaR) differs from regular VaR because it:
A. Uses only historical data
B. Uses only hypothetical data
C. Uses parameters calibrated to stressed periods
D. Ignores volatility
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Uses parameters calibrated to stressed periods
Explanation: C correct: SVaR uses stressed vol/correlation regimes. Others wrong: Misinterpret SVaR.
Question 360
A portfolio has 1‑day VaR = 3%. Backtesting shows 10 exceptions in 250 days. This indicates:
A. Model is accurate
B. Model underestimates risk
C. Model overestimates risk
D. Cannot conclude
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Model underestimates risk
Explanation: B correct: Too many exceptions → underestimation. Others wrong: Misinterpret exceptions.
More free CFA topics