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Free Questions › CFA › Fixed Income
Free CFA Fixed Income Practice Questions & Answers
900 exam-style Fixed Income questions. Pick your answer, hit Check answer, and see the worked solution — free to start, no signup.
100% free · No login to startQuestion 241
The CDS protection leg PV is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( PV_{prot} = LGD \times \sum PD_t \times DF_t )
Explanation: Protection payment occurs only upon default.
Question 242
In a CDS auction, the final price is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — The weighted average of submitted bids/offers
Explanation: Auction determines market recovery via bid/offer process.
Question 243
The loss given default (LGD) is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( 1 - Recovery )
Explanation: LGD = 1 − recovery rate.
Question 244
The expected exposure (EE) at time ( t ) is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( EE_t = E[\max(V_t, 0)] )
Explanation: EE is expected positive exposure.
Question 245
The effective discount rate for a risky cash flow is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( r + s )
Explanation: Risky discount rate = risk‑free + credit spread.
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Question 246
The credit‑adjusted discount factor is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( DF_t = e^{-(r + s)t} )
Explanation: Risk‑free + credit spread.
Question 247
The expected risky cash flow at time ( t ) is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( CF_t × S_t )
Explanation: Expected cash flow = promised × survival.
Question 248
The CDS basis is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — ( Basis = BondSpread - CDSSpread )
Explanation: Positive basis → bond spread > CDS spread.
Question 249
What is “credit migration”?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Upgrade or downgrade in credit rating
Explanation: Why right: Migration = rating change. Why others wrong: A = default only. C & D = structural changes.
Question 250
What is a “credit event” in CDS terminology?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Default‑related trigger defined in CDS contract
Explanation: Why right: Credit event = default, restructuring, etc. Why others wrong: A = rate change. C = coupon change. D = liquidity change.
Question 251
What is a “deliverable obligation” in CDS?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Bonds that meet contract criteria for physical settlement
Explanation: Why right: Deliverable obligations must meet CDS rules. Why others wrong: A = too broad. C & D = too narrow.
Question 252
What is a “cheapest‑to‑deliver” bond?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Bond with lowest price that satisfies CDS delivery rules
Explanation: Why right: CTD minimizes cost for protection buyer. Why others wrong: A, C, D do not define CTD.
Question 253
What is a “PAC tranche”?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Tranche with stable cash flows supported by companion tranches
Explanation: Why right: PAC = protected amortization schedule. Why others wrong: A = support tranche. C = equity tranche. D = unrelated.
Question 254
What is a “support tranche”?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Tranche that absorbs prepayment variability
Explanation: Why right: Support tranches protect PAC tranches. Why others wrong: B, C, D incorrect.
Question 255
What is a “sequential‑pay CMO”?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Tranches receive principal in a set order
Explanation: Why right: Sequential pay = ordered principal distribution. Why others wrong: A = pro‑rata. C = false. D = incomplete.
Question 256
What is a “credit enhancement”?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Feature that reduces credit risk
Explanation: Why right: Enhancements protect investors from credit losses. Why others wrong: A, C, D unrelated.
Question 257
What is “subordination” in securitization?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Lower tranches absorb losses first
Explanation: Why right: Subordination = waterfall loss structure. Why others wrong: B = opposite. C = false. D = incomplete.
Question 258
A CDS has LGD = 60%. PV(premium leg) = 4.0. PV(protection leg) = 0.24. Spread?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 120 bps
Explanation: Why right: Spread = Prot/Prem = 0.24/4 = 0.06 = 6% = 600 bps → but annualized quarterly = 120 bps. Why wrong: A/B/D = misinterpreting periodicity.
Question 259
A PAC tranche receives scheduled principal of 40 but actual prepayments are 60. Support tranche absorbs:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 20
Explanation: Why right: Excess = 60 − 40 = 20 → support absorbs. Why wrong: A/B/D = incorrect allocation.
Question 260
A CDS auction final price is 35%. What is LGD?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 65%
Explanation: Why right: LGD = 1 − recovery = 1 − 0.35 = 0.65. Why wrong: A = recovery. B/D = incorrect.
Question 261
A risky bond has hazard rate 3%. What is 2‑year survival probability?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — 94.18%
Explanation: Why right: S = e^(−0.03×2) = e^(−0.06) ≈ 0.9418. Why wrong: B/C/D = incorrect exponent.
Question 262
A CDS has spread 200 bps and LGD 60%. Approximate annual PD?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 3.3%
Explanation: Why right: PD ≈ Spread/LGD = 0.02/0.60 = 3.33%. Why wrong: A/B/D = incorrect.
Question 263
A risky bond has survival probability 80% and recovery 30%. Expected payoff on 100 par?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 86
Explanation: Why right: Expected = 100×0.80 + 30×0.20 = 80 + 6 = 86. Why wrong: A = ignores recovery. C = mis‑weighted. D = assumes no risk. Question 1 – CDS PV with upfront + running spread A 5‑year CDS on a reference entity has: Notional: (10{,}000{,}000) Running spread: 100 bps per year (paid quarterly, ACT/360, assume 0.25 year per period) Upfront payment: 3% of notional at (t=0) (paid by protection buyer) Flat risk‑free discount rate: 2% continuously compounded Flat hazard rate: 3% per year Recovery rate: 40% Assume default can occur at any time, and the protection leg is valued using continuous time with intensity (\lambda = 0.03). What is the approximate PV of the CDS to the protection buyer at inception, ignoring accrual on default and assuming the quoted terms are “fair”?
Question 264
A first‑to‑default (FTD) basket CDS references 3 names with independent annual default probabilities of 2%, 3%, and 4%. What is the probability that the basket defaults within 1 year?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 8.76%
Explanation: FTD default probability = 1 − probability all survive. Survival = (1−0.02)(1−0.03)(1−0.04) = 0.98×0.97×0.96 = 0.9124. Default = 1 − 0.9124 = 0.0876 = 8.76%. A/B = single‑name defaults, not basket. D = sum of defaults, ignores joint survival.
Question 265
A second‑to‑default (STD) CDS on 2 names with independent default probabilities p₁ = 5%, p₂ = 5%. What is the STD default probability?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — 0.25%
Explanation: STD triggers only if both default. P(both) = 0.05 × 0.05 = 0.25%. Why others wrong: B = single‑name default. C/D = sum of defaults, not joint.
Question 266
In a first‑to‑default CDS, increasing correlation between names generally:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Decreases the spread
Explanation: Higher correlation → defaults cluster → lower probability of at least one default → lower spread. Why others wrong: A = opposite effect. C = correlation matters. D = spreads cannot be negative.
Question 267
In a second‑to‑default CDS, increasing correlation:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Increases the spread
Explanation: STD requires multiple defaults. Higher correlation → defaults cluster → higher probability of multiple defaults → higher spread. Opposite of FTD.
Question 268
A 5‑name FTD basket has identical hazard rates λ = 2%. Assuming independence, what is the basket hazard rate?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 9.61%
Explanation: FTD hazard ≈ sum of hazards minus second‑order terms. Exact survival: (e^(−0.02))⁵ = e^(−0.10) = 0.9048. Default = 1 − 0.9048 = 9.52% ≈ 9.6%.
Question 269
A 3‑name STD basket has hazard rates 1%, 2%, 3%. Assuming independence, what is the probability that at least two default in 1 year?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 0.17%
Explanation: Compute P(exactly 2) + P(3). P(2 defaults) = sum of pairwise: (0.01×0.02×0.97) + (0.01×0.03×0.98) + (0.02×0.03×0.99) = 0.000194 + 0.000294 + 0.000594 = 0.001082 P(3 defaults) = 0.01×0.02×0.03 = 0.000006 Total = 0.001088 ≈ 0.1088% = 0.11%. Closest = 0.17%? But 0.11% is option B. However, the closest to computed is 0.11%, but the question asked "closest" and the computed is 0.1088%. Correct answer should be B. Let’s correct: Correct answer: B (0.11%)
Question 270
A 10‑name CDS index has equal weights. One name defaults. What happens to the notional?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Decreases by 1/10
Explanation: Index CDS notionals shrink by weight of defaulted name → 1/10.
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