Question 211
Add a hedge fund: - Weight: 20% - Vol: 8% - Correlation with portfolio: 0.1 Portfolio vol before adding HF: 10% Approximate new volatility contribution from HF = ?
A. 0.2%
B. 0.8%
C. 1.6%
D. 2.0%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 1.6%
Explanation: Contribution ≈ weight × vol × corr factor = 0.2 × 8% × √(0.1) ≈ 1.6%
Question 212
A hedge fund has: - Vol: 12% - Correlation with portfolio: 0.3 - Weight: 25% Marginal contribution to risk ≈ ?
A. 0.9%
B. 1.1%
C. 1.5%
D. 2.0%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 1.5%
Explanation: MCTR ≈ weight × vol × corr = 0.25 × 12% × 0.3 = 0.9%? Wait: 0.25 × 12 = 3 3 × 0.3 = 0.9% → correct is A.
Question 213
A portfolio has: - Return: 8% - Vol: 10% Add HF with: - Return: 6% - Vol: 5% - Correlation: 0 New portfolio return (50/50) = ?
A. 5%
B. 6%
C. 7%
D. 8%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 7%
Explanation: 0.5×8 + 0.5×6 = 7%
Question 214
Same data as Q26. New portfolio volatility = ?
A. 5%
B. 7%
C. 8%
D. 10%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 7%
Explanation: Vol = √[(0.5²×10²) + (0.5²×5²)] = √[(25 + 6.25)] = √31.25 ≈ 5.6% → closest 7%
Question 215
A hedge fund has: - Standalone vol: 20% - Correlation with portfolio: 0.0 - Weight: 10% Contribution to portfolio vol = ?
A. 0%
B. 0.5%
C. 1%
D. 2%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 0.5%
Explanation: Contribution ≈ weight × vol = 0.1 × 20% = 2%? But correlation = 0 → effective contribution = 0.1×20×0 = 0%? No — correlation affects covariance, not standalone contribution. Correct formula for marginal vol contribution: = weight × vol × corr = 0.1 × 20% × 0 = 0% Correct Answer: A
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Question 216
A hedge fund has: - Return: 10% - Vol: 8% Sharpe ratio (rf = 2%) = ?
A. 0.5
B. 0.75
C. 1
D. 1.25
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 0.75
Explanation: (10 – 2) / 8 = 8/8 = 1.0? 8/8 = 1.0 → correct is C.
Question 217
A hedge fund reduces portfolio volatility from 12% to 10%. Volatility reduction = ?
A. 1%
B. 2%
C. 10%
D. 20%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 2%
Explanation: 12 – 10 = 2%
Question 218
Value at Risk (VaR) is best described as:
A. The maximum possible loss
B. The expected loss in the worst case
C. A statistical estimate of potential loss at a given confidence level
D. A guarantee of future losses
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — A statistical estimate of potential loss at a given confidence level
Explanation: VaR estimates potential loss with a probability threshold. A/B/D are incorrect.
Question 219
Conditional VaR (CVaR) measures:
A. The average loss beyond the VaR threshold
B. The maximum loss ever recorded
C. Only positive returns
D. Only volatility
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — The average loss beyond the VaR threshold
Explanation: CVaR = expected loss in the tail beyond VaR.
Question 220
Stress testing is used to:
A. Predict exact future losses
B. Evaluate portfolio behavior under extreme scenarios
C. Eliminate risk
D. Guarantee positive returns
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Evaluate portfolio behavior under extreme scenarios
Explanation: Stress tests simulate extreme but plausible events.
Question 221
Scenario analysis differs from stress testing because it:
A. Uses only historical data
B. Allows custom, forward‑looking assumptions
C. Eliminates tail risk
D. Requires no modeling
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Allows custom, forward‑looking assumptions
Explanation: Scenario analysis can be hypothetical and forward‑looking.
Question 222
Tail risk is best described as:
A. Risk of small daily fluctuations
B. Risk of rare, extreme losses
C. Risk of inflation
D. Risk of currency appreciation
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Risk of rare, extreme losses
Explanation: Tail risk = low‑probability, high‑impact events.
Question 223
A portfolio with high drawdown sensitivity is likely to:
A. Recover quickly
B. Experience large peak‑to‑trough declines
C. Have no volatility
D. Have guaranteed returns
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Experience large peak‑to‑trough declines
Explanation: Drawdown measures peak‑to‑trough loss.
Question 224
A portfolio with high correlation across strategies is likely to have:
A. Lower total risk
B. Higher total risk
C. No systematic risk
D. Guaranteed diversification
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Higher total risk
Explanation: High correlation reduces diversification.
Question 225
A fund with high exposure to volatility risk is most affected when:
A. Volatility falls
B. Volatility rises sharply
C. Interest rates fall
D. Dividends increase
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Volatility rises sharply
Explanation: Volatility exposure reacts to volatility spikes.
Question 226
A risk metric that captures non‑normal return distributions better than VaR is:
A. Standard deviation
B. CVaR
C. Beta
D. Duration
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — CVaR
Explanation: CVaR accounts for tail behavior.
Question 227
A fund with high kurtosis in returns likely experiences:
A. No tail events
B. More extreme outcomes than a normal distribution
C. Lower volatility
D. Guaranteed positive returns
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — More extreme outcomes than a normal distribution
Explanation: High kurtosis = fat tails.
Question 228
A fund with high skewness in returns:
A. Has symmetric return distribution
B. Has asymmetric return distribution
C. Has no volatility
D. Has no tail risk
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Has asymmetric return distribution
Explanation: Skewness = asymmetry.
Question 229
A fund that uses derivatives to hedge risk is most likely:
A. Reducing unwanted exposures
B. Eliminating all risk
C. Increasing leverage automatically
D. Increasing correlation
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Reducing unwanted exposures
Explanation: Derivatives can reduce exposures.
Question 230
A fund with high exposure to equity beta contributes to portfolio risk by:
A. Increasing sensitivity to stock markets
B. Reducing volatility
C. Eliminating drawdowns
D. Reducing correlation
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — Increasing sensitivity to stock markets
Explanation: High beta = high market sensitivity.
Question 231
A fund with high exposure to volatility-of-volatility risk is most affected when:
A. Volatility stays constant
B. Volatility becomes unstable
C. Interest rates fall
D. Credit spreads tighten
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Volatility becomes unstable
Explanation: Vol‑of‑vol = sensitivity to volatility fluctuations.
Question 232
A portfolio has a 1‑day 95% VaR of $2 million. Interpretation: There is a 5% chance the portfolio will lose more than:
A. $1 million
B. $2 million
C. $4 million
D. $10 million
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — $2 million
Explanation: VaR = threshold loss.
Question 233
A portfolio has: - Mean return: 0% - Std dev: 10% 95% VaR (1.65σ) = ?
A. 5%
B. 10%
C. 16.5%
D. 20%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 16.5%
Explanation: 1.65 × 10% = 16.5%
Question 234
A portfolio has: - VaR = $5 million - CVaR = $8 million Tail loss beyond VaR = ?
A. $3 million
B. $5 million
C. $8 million
D. $13 million
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — $3 million
Explanation: CVaR – VaR = 3 million
Question 235
A portfolio has: - Volatility = 12% - Correlation with market = 0.5 - Market vol = 20% Beta = ?
A. 0.2
B. 0.3
C. 0.5
D. 0.6
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 0.3
Explanation: Beta = corr × (σ_port / σ_mkt) = 0.5 × (12/20) = 0.3
Question 236
A portfolio has: - Peak value: 150 - Trough value: 120 Drawdown = ?
A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 30%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 25%
Explanation: (150 – 120) / 150 = 20%? Wait: 30/150 = 20% → correct is B.
Question 237
A fund has: - Std dev: 15% - Downside deviation: 9% Ratio of downside to total volatility = ?
A. 0.3
B. 0.5
C. 0.6
D. 0.9
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 0.6
Explanation: 9 / 15 = 0.6
Question 238
A portfolio has: - 40% in Asset A (vol 10%) - 60% in Asset B (vol 20%) Correlation = 0 Portfolio vol = ?
A. 10%
B. 12%
C. 14%
D. 16%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 14%
Explanation: Vol = √[(0.4²×10²) + (0.6²×20²)] = √[(16) + (144)] = √160 ≈ 12.6% → closest 14%
Question 239
A fund has: - Return: 8% - Risk‑free rate: 2% - Volatility: 12% Sharpe ratio = ?
A. 0.25
B. 0.33
C. 0.5
D. 0.75
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 0.5
Explanation: (8 – 2) / 12 = 6/12 = 0.50
Question 240
A portfolio has: - 95% VaR = 12% - CVaR = 18% What percentage of losses occur beyond VaR?
A. 6%
B. 12%
C. 18%
D. 30%
Check answer
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — 6%
Explanation: 18 – 12 = 6%
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