Free CFA Portfolio Management Practice Questions & Answers
1,100 exam-style Portfolio Management questions. Pick your answer, hit Check answer, and see the worked solution — free to start, no signup.
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Question 661
An investor has $500,000, wants to retire in 10 years, and needs the portfolio to grow to $900,000. What is the approximate required annual return?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 6.05%
Explanation: (1+r)^10 = 900,000/500,000 = 1.8. r = 1.8^(1/10) − 1 = 1.06047 − 1 = 6.05%. A is slightly low. B and D are wrong.
Question 662
A pension fund has liabilities growing at 5% per year. To remain fully funded, the minimum required portfolio return is approximately:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — 5%
Explanation: To maintain funding status, assets must grow at least as fast as liabilities. If liabilities grow at 5%, the fund needs at least a 5% return (ignoring new contributions). A underfunds over time. C and D exceed the minimum but aren't necessary unless the fund is currently underfunded.
Question 663
An investor saves $10,000 per year for 20 years earning 7% annually. The approximate future value is:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — $409,000
Explanation: FV annuity = PMT × [(1+r)^n − 1]/r = 10,000 × [(1.07)^20 − 1]/0.07 = 10,000 × [3.8697−1]/0.07 = 10,000 × 38.997 = $389,970 ≈ $410,000. Closest to A ($409,000). B is no growth. C and D are wrong.
Question 664
A portfolio that earns the risk-free rate plus 7% for bearing each unit of beta would have a Treynor ratio of:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — 0.07
Explanation: Treynor ratio = Excess return / Beta = 7% per unit of beta. If the market risk premium is 7%, the Treynor ratio of the market = 7%/1.0 = 7% = 0.07 in decimal. C is the decimal form. A is expressed as %, B and D are wrong units.
Question 665
The primary goal of an Investment Policy Statement is to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Create a clear framework that aligns portfolio management with the investor's goals, constraints, and risk tolerance
Explanation: The IPS is a living document that aligns investment decisions with the investor's specific situation, goals, and constraints. It provides a benchmark for evaluating the portfolio manager's decisions. A, B, D are wrong.
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Which type of mutual fund invests in both short-term debt and equities to provide both income and some growth?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Hybrid/balanced fund
Explanation: Hybrid (balanced) funds hold both equity and fixed income, aiming to provide income (from bonds) and growth (from equities) with moderate risk. A holds only short-term debt. B holds only bonds. D can be any of the above but tracks an index.
Question 667
An investor reports that they felt completely comfortable during the 2020 market crash and didn't change their portfolio. This is evidence of:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: A — High willingness to take risk
Explanation: Staying calm during a significant drawdown without changing allocation shows high psychological tolerance for risk (willingness). Ability to take risk is assessed financially, not by past behavior. B requires financial assessment. C is premature. D is wrong.
Question 668
Which of the following behavioral biases is most closely associated with investors selling winning stocks too early?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Disposition effect driven by regret aversion
Explanation: The disposition effect — holding losers and selling winners too early — is partly driven by regret aversion. Investors lock in gains quickly to feel good and avoid the regret of watching a winner become a loser. A drives holding losers. C causes overtrading. D is slow updating.
Question 669
The availability bias in investing refers to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Overweighting information that is easily recalled (typically dramatic or recent events) when making decisions
Explanation: Availability bias causes investors to overweight vivid, easily recalled information (like a recent crash or a friend's big win) when assessing probabilities. This leads to distorted risk assessments. A is a liquidity constraint. C is due diligence. D is over-diversification.
Question 670
Illusion of control bias causes investors to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Overestimate their ability to control or influence investment outcomes
Explanation: Illusion of control leads investors to believe they can influence inherently random outcomes (e.g., believing frequent trading reduces risk, or that researching a stock means they control its future). A describes a related but different issue. C is rational. D would require real skill.
Question 671
A fund of funds (FoF) invests in:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Other investment funds rather than directly in securities
Explanation: A fund of funds allocates capital across multiple underlying investment funds (e.g., hedge funds, mutual funds), providing diversification across managers and strategies. A is concentrated. C and D are direct investing approaches.
Question 672
Which of the following best describes 'tactical asset allocation'?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Short-term, opportunistic deviations from strategic targets to exploit perceived market mispricings
Explanation: Tactical asset allocation (TAA) involves short-term tilts away from the strategic benchmark to capitalize on near-term market views. It is active at the asset class level. A is strategic rebalancing. C is security selection. D is planning.
Question 673
Risk transfer as a risk management strategy is illustrated by which of the following?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — A company buys credit default swaps to transfer its credit risk to a counterparty
Explanation: Credit default swaps, insurance policies, and hedging with derivatives transfer the financial impact of a risk to a third party. A is risk avoidance. C is operational diversification. D is self-insurance (risk acceptance).
Question 674
The concept of 'risk governance' in enterprise risk management includes:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Establishing policies, procedures, and accountability for risk management across the entire organization
Explanation: Risk governance defines who is responsible for identifying, measuring, and managing risks at all levels — from the board to the front line. It is a top-down framework. A is too narrow. C is impossible. D is centralized but incomplete without firm-wide policies.
Question 675
An investor who consistently buys securities simply because they are familiar (domestic stocks, stocks of employers) is demonstrating:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Home bias and familiarity bias
Explanation: Home bias is the tendency to over-invest in domestic (or familiar) securities, leading to under-diversified portfolios. Familiarity bias generalizes this to any familiar company. A, B, D are wrong.
Question 676
Which of the following scenarios demonstrates status quo bias?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — An investor maintains the same portfolio allocation for 20 years despite major life changes (marriage, children, retirement)
Explanation: Status quo bias is maintaining the current position without rational justification. Failing to adjust a portfolio despite life-changing events (new family, approaching retirement) is a textbook example. A and C are disciplined, rational behaviors. D is panic selling.
Question 677
Which of the following is most consistent with a 'goals-based investing' framework?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Segment wealth into sub-portfolios aligned with specific life goals (retirement, education, bequest)
Explanation: Goals-based investing matches specific investment pools with specific goals — safety, lifestyle, aspirational. This aligns the portfolio with the investor's psychology and specific needs. A and B are traditional frameworks. D is a strategy choice unrelated to goals-based frameworks.
Question 678
Which of the following is a non-financial risk that portfolio managers face?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — A trading system failure causing delayed order execution
Explanation: Operational risk (trading system failure) is a non-financial risk — it arises from process, people, and system failures rather than market price movements. A, B, D are financial market risks.
Question 679
An investor says: 'I don't want any portfolio with a chance of losing money.' What constraint does this represent?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — A risk objective — specifying an absolute maximum tolerable loss
Explanation: Specifying no chance of loss (or maximum tolerable loss) is a risk objective within the IPS. Such a constraint severely limits the portfolio to near risk-free investments. A is return. B is correct for ethical restrictions, not risk. D is about cash needs.
Question 680
Which of the following mutual fund types is MOST appropriate for an investor seeking maximum capital preservation and near-zero risk?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Money market fund
Explanation: Money market funds invest in very short-term, high-quality instruments. They aim to maintain a stable $1 NAV and provide capital preservation with minimal risk. A and B have high equity risk. D has moderate equity/bond mix.
Question 681
In portfolio planning, 'capital market expectations' are formed primarily for:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Setting asset class return, risk, and correlation forecasts that drive strategic asset allocation
Explanation: CMEs are macro-level forecasts — expected returns, standard deviations, and correlations for broad asset classes — that feed into the optimization determining the strategic asset allocation. A is security analysis. C is investor assessment. D is documentation.
Question 682
Which of the following approaches can best help an investor overcome loss aversion in portfolio management?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Use a long-term return-based framework and pre-commit to a rebalancing policy
Explanation: Pre-commitment strategies (rules-based rebalancing, long-term goals focus) reduce the emotional impact of short-term losses. Checking daily (A) amplifies loss aversion. Short-term focus (B) worsens it. Panic selling (D) is the behavioral outcome of loss aversion, not a solution.
Question 683
Which of the following is MOST likely to be included as a legal/regulatory constraint for a pension fund's IPS?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Minimum funding requirements mandated by pension regulation
Explanation: Pension funds face specific legal and regulatory requirements — minimum funding levels, permitted investment types, liability matching rules. A is for individual investors. C is an investment preference. D is governance, not an investment constraint.
Question 684
The primary purpose of diversification in the context of risk management is to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Reduce portfolio risk by spreading exposure across assets with less-than-perfect correlation
Explanation: Diversification reduces idiosyncratic risk and overall portfolio variance by combining assets whose returns do not move in perfect unison. It does not maximize return (A), guarantee no losses (B), or eliminate systematic risk (D).
Question 685
Which of the following is most consistent with the 'goals-based' approach to portfolio management?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Matching specific investment pools to specific life goals with different risk levels
Explanation: Goals-based investing separates wealth into segments aligned with specific goals (safety needs, lifestyle needs, aspirational goals), each with its own time horizon and risk level. A and B are one-size-fits-all approaches. D ignores individual goals.
Question 686
A portfolio manager who uses options to smooth a portfolio's return distribution and increase its apparent Sharpe ratio is exhibiting:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Sharpe ratio manipulation — creating a misleading performance picture
Explanation: Options strategies (like selling puts, covered calls) can reduce measured standard deviation and boost Sharpe ratios in normal periods, but they create tail risk. This manipulates the Sharpe ratio measure. A and D would require genuine risk reduction. B is too benign.
Question 687
According to modern portfolio management principles, the optimal investment strategy for most investors is to:
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Build a well-diversified portfolio aligned with their goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon
Explanation: The cornerstone of modern portfolio management is building a diversified portfolio matched to the investor's specific situation. A ignores risk. C and D are suboptimal extremes.
Question 688
Which of the following statements about active versus passive management is most accurate?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Active management adds value for some managers in some periods, but the majority underperform passive benchmarks net of fees
Explanation: Evidence shows that most active managers underperform their benchmarks net of fees over long periods. Some active managers do outperform, but persistently identifying them ex-ante is difficult. A and B are too absolute. D ignores the fee drag of active management.
Question 689
Which statement about hedge fund strategies is most accurate?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: B — Hedge funds may use leverage, short selling, and derivatives to pursue absolute returns uncorrelated with traditional markets
Explanation: Hedge funds use a wide range of strategies — long/short equity, global macro, event-driven, arbitrage — with extensive use of leverage, derivatives, and short selling. They target absolute (not relative) returns. A, C, D are wrong.
Question 690
The 'mean-variance framework' is limited by which of the following real-world considerations?
Select an option first.
Correct answer: C — Return distributions have fat tails, correlations change over time, and inputs are sensitive to estimation errors
Explanation: Mean-variance optimization suffers from: non-normal return distributions (fat tails), unstable correlations (especially during crises), and extreme sensitivity to small changes in estimated inputs. A, B, D are all unrealistic assumptions that the framework relies on.
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